napari.layers.Surface#

class napari.layers.Surface(data, *, affine=None, axis_labels=None, blending='translucent', cache=True, colormap='gray', contrast_limits=None, experimental_clipping_planes=None, feature_defaults=None, features=None, gamma=1.0, metadata=None, name=None, normals=None, opacity=1.0, projection_mode='none', rotate=None, scale=None, shading='flat', shear=None, texcoords=None, texture=None, translate=None, units=None, vertex_colors=None, visible=True, wireframe=None)[source]#

Bases: IntensityVisualizationMixin, Layer

Surface layer renders meshes onto the canvas.

Surfaces may be colored by:

setting vertex_values, which colors the surface with the selected colormap (default is uniform ones)
setting vertex_colors, which replaces/overrides any color from vertex_values
setting both texture and texcoords, which blends a the value from a texture (image) with the underlying color from vertex_values or vertex_colors. Blending is achieved by multiplying the texture color by the underlying color - an underlying value of “white” will result in the unaltered texture color.

Parameters:

data (2-tuple or 3-tuple of array) –
The first element of the tuple is an (N, D) array of vertices of mesh triangles.

The second is an (M, 3) array of int of indices of the mesh triangles.

The optional third element is the (K0, …, KL, N) array of values (vertex_values) used to color vertices where the additional L dimensions are used to color the same mesh with different values. If not provided, it defaults to ones.
affine (n-D array or napari.utils.transforms.Affine) – (N+1, N+1) affine transformation matrix in homogeneous coordinates. The first (N, N) entries correspond to a linear transform and the final column is a length N translation vector and a 1 or a napari Affine transform object. Applied as an extra transform on top of the provided scale, rotate, and shear values.
axis_labels (tuple of str, optional) – Dimension names of the layer data. If not provided, axis_labels will be set to (…, ‘axis -2’, ‘axis -1’).
blending (str) – One of a list of preset blending modes that determines how RGB and alpha values of the layer visual get mixed. Allowed values are {‘opaque’, ‘translucent’, and ‘additive’}.
cache (bool) – Whether slices of out-of-core datasets should be cached upon retrieval. Currently, this only applies to dask arrays.
colormap (str, napari.utils.Colormap, tuple, dict) – Colormap to use for luminance images. If a string must be the name of a supported colormap from vispy or matplotlib. If a tuple the first value must be a string to assign as a name to a colormap and the second item must be a Colormap. If a dict the key must be a string to assign as a name to a colormap and the value must be a Colormap.
contrast_limits (list (2,)) – Color limits to be used for determining the colormap bounds for luminance images. If not passed is calculated as the min and max of the image.
experimental_clipping_planes (list of dicts, list of ClippingPlane, or ClippingPlaneList) – Each dict defines a clipping plane in 3D in data coordinates. Valid dictionary keys are {‘position’, ‘normal’, and ‘enabled’}. Values on the negative side of the normal are discarded if the plane is enabled.
feature_defaults (dict[str, Any] or Dataframe-like) – The default value of each feature in a table with one row.
features (dict[str, array-like] or Dataframe-like) – Features table where each row corresponds to a shape and each column is a feature.
gamma (float) – Gamma correction for determining colormap linearity. Defaults to 1.
metadata (dict) – Layer metadata.
name (str) – Name of the layer.
normals (None, dict or SurfaceNormals) – Whether and how to display the face and vertex normals of the surface mesh.
opacity (float) – Opacity of the layer visual, between 0.0 and 1.0.
projection_mode (str) – How data outside the viewed dimensions but inside the thick Dims slice will be projected onto the viewed dimenions.
rotate (float, 3-tuple of float, or n-D array.) – If a float convert into a 2D rotation matrix using that value as an angle. If 3-tuple convert into a 3D rotation matrix, using a yaw, pitch, roll convention. Otherwise assume an nD rotation. Angles are assumed to be in degrees. They can be converted from radians with np.degrees if needed.
scale (tuple of float) – Scale factors for the layer.
shading (str, Shading) –
One of a list of preset shading modes that determine the lighting model using when rendering the surface in 3D.
- Shading.NONE Corresponds to shading='none'.
- Shading.FLAT Corresponds to shading='flat'.
- Shading.SMOOTH Corresponds to shading='smooth'.
shear (1-D array or n-D array) – Either a vector of upper triangular values, or an nD shear matrix with ones along the main diagonal.
texcoords ((N, 2) array) – 2D coordinates for each vertex, mapping into the texture. The number of texture coords must match the number of vertices (N). Coordinates should be in [0.0, 1.0] and are scaled to sample the 2D texture. Coordinates outside this range will wrap, but this behavior should be considered an implementation detail: there are no plans to change it, but it’s a feature of the underlying vispy visual.
texture ((I, J) or (I, J, C) array) – A 2D texture to be mapped onto the mesh using texcoords. C may be 3 (RGB) or 4 (RGBA) channels for a color texture.
translate (tuple of float) – Translation values for the layer
units (tuple of str or pint.Unit, optional) – Units of the layer data in world coordinates. If not provided, the default units are assumed to be pixels.
vertex_colors ((N, C) or (K0, ..., KL, N, C) array of color values) – Take care that the (optional) L additional dimensions match those of vertex_values for proper slicing. C may be 3 (RGB) or 4 (RGBA) channels..
visible (bool) – Whether the layer visual is currently being displayed.
wireframe (None, dict or SurfaceWireframe) – Whether and how to display the edges of the surface mesh with a wireframe.

data#

The first element of the tuple is an (N, D) array of vertices of mesh triangles. The second is an (M, 3) array of int of indices of the mesh triangles. The third element is the (K0, …, KL, N) array of values used to color vertices where the additional L dimensions are used to color the same mesh with different values.

Type:: 3-tuple of array

axis_labels#

Dimension names of the layer data.

Type:: tuple of str

vertices#

Vertices of mesh triangles.

Type:: (N, D) array

faces#

Indices of mesh triangles.

Type:: (M, 3) array of int

vertex_values#

Values used to color vertices.

Type:: (K0, …, KL, N) array

features#

Features table where each row corresponds to a vertex and each column is a feature.

Type:: DataFrame-like

feature_defaults#

Stores the default value of each feature in a table with one row.

Type:: DataFrame-like

colormap#

Colormap to use for luminance images. If a string must be the name of a supported colormap from vispy or matplotlib. If a tuple the first value must be a string to assign as a name to a colormap and the second item must be a Colormap. If a dict the key must be a string to assign as a name to a colormap and the value must be a Colormap.

Type:: str, napari.utils.Colormap, tuple, dict

contrast_limits#

Color limits to be used for determining the colormap bounds for luminance images. If not passed is calculated as the min and max of the image.

Type:: list (2,)

shading#

One of a list of preset shading modes that determine the lighting model using when rendering the surface.

'none'
'flat'
'smooth'

Type:: str

gamma#

Gamma correction for determining colormap linearity.

Type:: float

wireframe#

Whether and how to display the edges of the surface mesh with a wireframe.

Type:: SurfaceWireframe

normals#

Whether and how to display the face and vertex normals of the surface mesh.

Type:: SurfaceNormals

units#

Units of the layer data in world coordinates.

Type:: tuple of pint.Unit

Notes

_data_view(M, 2) or (M, 3) array: The coordinates of the vertices given the viewed dimensions.
_view_faces(P, 3) array: The integer indices of the vertices that form the triangles in the currently viewed slice.
_colorbararray: Colorbar for current colormap.

Methods

`as_layer_data_tuple`()
`bind_key`(key_bind[, func, overwrite])	Bind a key combination to a keymap.
`block_update_properties`()
`click_plane_from_click_data`(click_position, ...)	Calculate a (point, normal) plane parallel to the canvas in data coordinates, centered on the centre of rotation of the camera.
`create`(data[, meta, layer_type])	Create layer from data of type layer_type.
`data_to_world`(position)	Convert from data coordinates to world coordinates.
`get_ray_intersections`(position, ...[, world])	Get the start and end point for the ray extending from a point through the data bounding box.
`get_source_str`()
`get_status`([position, view_direction, ...])	Status message information of the data at a coordinate position.
`get_value`(position, *[, view_direction, ...])	Value of the data at a position.
`projected_distance_from_mouse_drag`(...)	Calculate the length of the projection of a line between two mouse clicks onto a vector (or array of vectors) in data coordinates.
`refresh`([event, thumbnail, data_displayed, ...])	Refresh all layer data based on current view slice.
`reset_contrast_limits`([mode])	Scale contrast limits to data range
`reset_contrast_limits_range`([mode])	Scale contrast limits range to data type if dtype is an integer, or use the current maximum data range otherwise.
`save`(path[, plugin])	Save this layer to `path` with default (or specified) plugin.
`set_view_slice`()
`update_transform_box_visibility`(visible)
`world_to_data`(position)	Convert from world coordinates to data coordinates.

Attributes

`ModeCallable`	alias of `Callable`[[`Layer`, `Event`], `None` \| `Generator`[`None`, `None`, `None`]]
`affine`	Extra affine transform to go from physical to world coordinates.
`axis_labels`	tuple of axis labels for the layer.
`blending`	Determines how RGB and alpha values get mixed.
`bounding_box`
`class_keymap`
`colormap`	colormap for luminance images.
`colormaps`	names of available colormaps.
`contrast_limits`	Limits to use for the colormap.
`contrast_limits_range`	The current valid range of the contrast limits.
`cursor`	String identifying cursor displayed over canvas.
`cursor_size`	Size of cursor if custom.
`data`
`dtype`
`editable`	Whether the current layer data is editable from the viewer.
`experimental_clipping_planes`
`extent`	Extent of layer in data and world coordinates.
`faces`
`feature_defaults`	Dataframe-like with one row of feature default values.
`features`	Dataframe-like features table.
`gamma`
`help`	displayed in status bar bottom right.
`interactive`
`keymap`
`loaded`	True if this layer is fully loaded in memory, False otherwise.
`metadata`	Key/value map for user-stored data.
`mode`	Interactive mode
`mouse_pan`	Determine if canvas interactive panning is enabled with the mouse.
`mouse_zoom`	Determine if canvas interactive zooming is enabled with the mouse.
`name`	Unique name of the layer.
`ndim`	Number of dimensions in the data.
`normals`
`opacity`	Opacity value between 0.0 and 1.0.
`projection_mode`	Mode of projection of the thick slice onto the viewed dimensions.
`rotate`	Rotation matrix in world coordinates.
`scale`	Anisotropy factors to scale data into world coordinates.
`shading`
`shear`	Shear matrix in world coordinates.
`source`
`texcoords`
`texture`
`thumbnail`	Integer array of thumbnail for the layer
`translate`	Factors to shift the layer by in units of world coordinates.
`unique_id`	Unique ID of the layer.
`units`	List of units for the layer.
`vertex_colors`
`vertex_values`
`vertices`
`visible`	Whether the visual is currently being displayed.
`wireframe`

Details

property affine: Affine#

Extra affine transform to go from physical to world coordinates.

Type:: napari.utils.transforms.Affine

property axis_labels: tuple[str, ...]#: tuple of axis labels for the layer.

bind_key(key_bind: ~app_model.types._keys._keybindings.KeyBinding | str | int | ellipsis, func=<object object>, *, overwrite=False)#

Bind a key combination to a keymap.

Parameters:

keymap (dict of str: callable) – Keymap to modify.
key_bind (keybinding-like or ...) – Key combination. ... acts as a wildcard if no key combinations can be matched in the keymap (this will overwrite all key combinations further down the lookup chain).
func (callable, None, or ...) – Callable to bind to the key combination. If None is passed, unbind instead. ... acts as a blocker, effectively unbinding the key combination for all keymaps further down the lookup chain.
overwrite (bool, keyword-only, optional) – Whether to overwrite the key combination if it already exists.

Returns:

unbound – Callable unbound by this operation, if any.

Return type:

callable or None

Notes

Key combinations are represented in the form [modifier-]key, e.g. a, Control-c, or Control-Alt-Delete. Valid modifiers are Control, Alt, Shift, and Meta.

Letters will always be read as upper-case. Due to the native implementation of the key system, Shift pressed in certain key combinations may yield inconsistent or unexpected results. Therefore, it is not recommended to use Shift with non-letter keys. On OSX, Control is swapped with Meta such that pressing Command reads as Control.

Special keys include Shift, Control, Alt, Meta, Up, Down, Left, Right, PageUp, PageDown, Insert, Delete, Home, End, Escape, Backspace, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11, F12, Space, Enter, and Tab

Functions take in only one argument: the parent that the function was bound to.

By default, all functions are assumed to work on key presses only, but can be denoted to work on release too by separating the function into two statements with the yield keyword:

@viewer.bind_key('h')
def hello_world(viewer):
    # on key press
    viewer.status = 'hello world!'

    yield

    # on key release
    viewer.status = 'goodbye world :('

To create a keymap that will block others, bind_key(..., ...)`.

property blending: str#

Determines how RGB and alpha values get mixed.

Blending.OPAQUE: Allows for only the top layer to be visible and corresponds to depth_test=True, cull_face=False, blend=False.
Blending.TRANSLUCENT: Allows for multiple layers to be blended with different opacity and corresponds to depth_test=True, cull_face=False, blend=True, blend_func=(‘src_alpha’, ‘one_minus_src_alpha’), and blend_equation=(‘func_add’).
Blending.TRANSLUCENT_NO_DEPTH: Allows for multiple layers to be blended with different opacity, but no depth testing is performed. Corresponds to depth_test=False, cull_face=False, blend=True, blend_func=(‘src_alpha’, ‘one_minus_src_alpha’), and blend_equation=(‘func_add’).
Blending.ADDITIVE: Allows for multiple layers to be blended together with different colors and opacity. Useful for creating overlays. It corresponds to depth_test=False, cull_face=False, blend=True, blend_func=(‘src_alpha’, ‘one’), and blend_equation=(‘func_add’).
Blending.MINIMUM: Allows for multiple layers to be blended together such that the minimum of each RGB component and alpha are selected. Useful for creating overlays with inverted colormaps. It corresponds to depth_test=False, cull_face=False, blend=True, blend_equation=(‘min’).

Type:: Blending mode

click_plane_from_click_data(click_position: npt.ArrayLike, view_direction: npt.ArrayLike, dims_displayed: list[int]) → tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]#

Calculate a (point, normal) plane parallel to the canvas in data coordinates, centered on the centre of rotation of the camera.

Parameters:

click_position (np.ndarray) – click position in world coordinates from mouse event.
view_direction (np.ndarray) – view direction in world coordinates from mouse event.
dims_displayed (List[int]) – dimensions of the data array currently in view.

Returns:

click_plane – tuple of (plane_position, plane_normal) in data coordinates.

Return type:

Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]

property colormap#

colormap for luminance images.

Type:: napari.utils.Colormap

property colormaps#

names of available colormaps.

Type:: tuple of str

property contrast_limits#

Limits to use for the colormap.

Type:: list of float

property contrast_limits_range#: The current valid range of the contrast limits.

classmethod create(data: Any, meta: dict | None = None, layer_type: str | None = None) → Layer#

Create layer from data of type layer_type.

Primarily intended for usage by reader plugin hooks and creating a layer from an unwrapped layer data tuple.

Parameters:

data (Any) – Data in a format that is valid for the corresponding layer_type.
meta (dict, optional) – Dict of keyword arguments that will be passed to the corresponding layer constructor. If any keys in meta are not valid for the corresponding layer type, an exception will be raised.
layer_type (str) – Type of layer to add. Must be the (case insensitive) name of a Layer subclass. If not provided, the layer is assumed to be “image”, unless data.dtype is one of (np.int32, np.uint32, np.int64, np.uint64), in which case it is assumed to be “labels”.

Raises:

ValueError – If layer_type is not one of the recognized layer types.
TypeError – If any keyword arguments in meta are unexpected for the corresponding add_* method for this layer_type.

Examples

A typical use case might be to upack a tuple of layer data with a specified layer_type.

>>> data = (
...     np.random.random((10, 2)) * 20,
...     {'face_color': 'blue'},
...     'points',
... )
>>> Layer.create(*data)

property cursor: str#

String identifying cursor displayed over canvas.

Type:: str

property cursor_size: int#

Size of cursor if custom. None yields default size.

Type:: int

data_to_world(position)#

Convert from data coordinates to world coordinates.

Parameters:: position (tuple, list, 1D array) – Position in data coordinates. If longer then the number of dimensions of the layer, the later dimensions will be used.
Returns:: Position in world coordinates.
Return type:: tuple

property editable: bool#

Whether the current layer data is editable from the viewer.

Type:: bool

property extent: Extent#

Extent of layer in data and world coordinates.

For image-like layers, these coordinates are the locations of the pixels in Layer.data which are treated like sample points that are centered in the rendered version of those pixels. For other layers, these coordinates are the points or vertices stored in Layer.data. Lower and upper bounds are inclusive.

property feature_defaults: DataFrame#

Dataframe-like with one row of feature default values.

See features for more details on the type of this property.

property features: DataFrame#

Dataframe-like features table.

It is an implementation detail that this is a pandas.DataFrame. In the future, we will target the currently-in-development Data API dataframe protocol [1]. This will enable us to use alternate libraries such as xarray or cuDF for additional features without breaking existing usage of this.

If you need to specifically rely on the pandas API, please coerce this to a pandas.DataFrame using features_to_pandas_dataframe.

References

get_ray_intersections(position: npt.ArrayLike, view_direction: npt.ArrayLike, dims_displayed: list[int], world: bool = True) → tuple[np.ndarray | None, np.ndarray | None]#

Get the start and end point for the ray extending from a point through the data bounding box.

Parameters:

position – the position of the point in nD coordinates. World vs. data is set by the world keyword argument.
view_direction (np.ndarray) – a unit vector giving the direction of the ray in nD coordinates. World vs. data is set by the world keyword argument.
dims_displayed (List[int]) – a list of the dimensions currently being displayed in the viewer.
world (bool) – True if the provided coordinates are in world coordinates. Default value is True.

Returns:

start_point (np.ndarray) – The point on the axis-aligned data bounding box that the cursor click intersects with. This is the point closest to the camera. The point is the full nD coordinates of the layer data. If the click does not intersect the axis-aligned data bounding box, None is returned.
end_point (np.ndarray) – The point on the axis-aligned data bounding box that the cursor click intersects with. This is the point farthest from the camera. The point is the full nD coordinates of the layer data. If the click does not intersect the axis-aligned data bounding box, None is returned.

get_status(position: npt.ArrayLike | None = None, *, view_direction: npt.ArrayLike | None = None, dims_displayed: list[int] | None = None, world: bool = False) → dict#

Status message information of the data at a coordinate position.

Parameters:

position (tuple of float) – Position in either data or world coordinates.
view_direction (Optional[np.ndarray]) – A unit vector giving the direction of the ray in nD world coordinates. The default value is None.
dims_displayed (Optional[List[int]]) – A list of the dimensions currently being displayed in the viewer. The default value is None.
world (bool) – If True the position is taken to be in world coordinates and converted into data coordinates. False by default.

Returns:

source_info – Dictionary containing a information that can be used as a status update.

Return type:

dict

get_value(position: npt.ArrayLike, *, view_direction: npt.ArrayLike | None = None, dims_displayed: list[int] | None = None, world: bool = False) → tuple | None#

Value of the data at a position.

If the layer is not visible, return None.

Parameters:

position (tuple of float) – Position in either data or world coordinates.
view_direction (Optional[np.ndarray]) – A unit vector giving the direction of the ray in nD world coordinates. The default value is None.
dims_displayed (Optional[List[int]]) – A list of the dimensions currently being displayed in the viewer. The default value is None.
world (bool) – If True the position is taken to be in world coordinates and converted into data coordinates. False by default.

Returns:

value – Value of the data. If the layer is not visible return None.

Return type:

tuple, None

property help: str#

displayed in status bar bottom right.

Type:: str

property loaded: bool#

True if this layer is fully loaded in memory, False otherwise.

Layers that only support sync slicing are always fully loaded. Layers that support async slicing can be temporarily not loaded while slicing is occurring.

property metadata: dict#: Key/value map for user-stored data.

property mode: str#

Interactive mode

Interactive mode. The normal, default mode is PAN_ZOOM, which allows for normal interactivity with the canvas.

TRANSFORM allows for manipulation of the layer transform.

Type:: str

property mouse_pan: bool#

Determine if canvas interactive panning is enabled with the mouse.

Type:: bool

property mouse_zoom: bool#

Determine if canvas interactive zooming is enabled with the mouse.

Type:: bool

property name: str#

Unique name of the layer.

Type:: str

property ndim: int#

Number of dimensions in the data.

Type:: int

property opacity: float#

Opacity value between 0.0 and 1.0.

Type:: float

projected_distance_from_mouse_drag(start_position: npt.ArrayLike, end_position: npt.ArrayLike, view_direction: npt.ArrayLike, vector: np.ndarray, dims_displayed: list[int]) → npt.NDArray#

Calculate the length of the projection of a line between two mouse clicks onto a vector (or array of vectors) in data coordinates.

Parameters:

start_position (np.ndarray) – Starting point of the drag vector in data coordinates
end_position (np.ndarray) – End point of the drag vector in data coordinates
view_direction (np.ndarray) – Vector defining the plane normal of the plane onto which the drag vector is projected.
vector (np.ndarray) – (3,) unit vector or (n, 3) array thereof on which to project the drag vector from start_event to end_event. This argument is defined in data coordinates.
dims_displayed (List[int]) – (3,) list of currently displayed dimensions

Returns:

projected_distance

Return type:

(1, ) or (n, ) np.ndarray of float

property projection_mode#

Mode of projection of the thick slice onto the viewed dimensions.

The sliced data is described by an n-dimensional bounding box (“thick slice”), which needs to be projected onto the visible dimensions to be visible. The projection mode controls the projection logic.

refresh(event: Event | None = None, *, thumbnail: bool = True, data_displayed: bool = True, highlight: bool = True, extent: bool = True, force: bool = False) → None#: Refresh all layer data based on current view slice.

reset_contrast_limits(mode=None)#: Scale contrast limits to data range

reset_contrast_limits_range(mode=None)#: Scale contrast limits range to data type if dtype is an integer, or use the current maximum data range otherwise.

property rotate: npt.NDArray#

Rotation matrix in world coordinates.

Type:: array

save(path: str, plugin: str | None = None) → list[str]#

Save this layer to path with default (or specified) plugin.

Parameters:

path (str) – A filepath, directory, or URL to open. Extensions may be used to specify output format (provided a plugin is available for the requested format).
plugin (str, optional) – Name of the plugin to use for saving. If None then all plugins corresponding to appropriate hook specification will be looped through to find the first one that can save the data.

Returns:

File paths of any files that were written.

Return type:

list of str

property scale: npt.NDArray#

Anisotropy factors to scale data into world coordinates.

Type:: array

property shear: npt.NDArray#

Shear matrix in world coordinates.

Type:: array

property thumbnail: npt.NDArray[np.uint8]#

Integer array of thumbnail for the layer

Type:: array

property translate: npt.NDArray#

Factors to shift the layer by in units of world coordinates.

Type:: array

property unique_id: Hashable#

Unique ID of the layer.

This is guaranteed to be unique to this specific layer instance over the lifetime of the program.

property units: tuple[Unit, ...]#: List of units for the layer.

property visible: bool#

Whether the visual is currently being displayed.

Type:: bool

world_to_data(position: npt.ArrayLike) → npt.NDArray#

Convert from world coordinates to data coordinates.

Parameters:: position (tuple, list, 1D array) – Position in world coordinates. If longer then the number of dimensions of the layer, the later dimensions will be used.
Returns:: Position in data coordinates.
Return type:: tuple